Which theories explore the interaction between peoples traits and their social context quizlet?

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- They give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, to the stuggle to cope with our sexuality, to the conflict between biological impuleses and social restraints, and for some forms of defense mechanisms, and unconscious terror-management defenses. But his concept of repressions, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, have not survived scientific scrutiny. Freud offered after-the-fact explantations, which are hard to test scientifically. Research foes not support many of Freud's specific ideas, such as the view that development is fixed in childhood.

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They give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, to the struggle to cope with our sexuality, to the conflict between biological impulses and social restraints, and for some forms of defense mechanisms (false consensus effect/projection; reaction formation) and unconscious terror-management defenses. But his concept of repression, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, cannot survive scientific scrutiny. Freud offered after-the-fact explanations, which are hard to test scientifically. Research does not support many of Freud's specific ideas, such as the view that development is fixed in childhood. (We now know it is lifelong.)

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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

To turn down the brightness of the spotlight, we can use two strategies. The first is simply knowing about the spotlight effect. Public speakers who understand that their natural nervousness is not obvious perform better. The second is to take the audience's perspective. When we imagine audience members empathizing with our situation, we tend to expect we will not be judged as harshly

Who first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, and how do social-cognitive theorists view personality development?
Albert Bandura first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which views personality as the product of the interaction between a person's traits (including thinking) and the situation—the social context.

The behavioral approach contributes an understanding that our personality development is affected by learned responses.

Social-cognitive researchers apply principles of learning, as well as cognition and social behavior, to personality.

Reciprocal determinism is a term describing the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors.

Research on how we interact with our environment evolved into research on the effects of optimism and pessimism, which led to a broader positive psychology.

59-2 How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticism have they faced?
Social-cognitive researchers tend to believe that the best way to predict someone's behavior in a given situation is to observe that person's behavior in similar situations.

They have been faulted for underemphasizing the importance of unconscious dynamics, emotions, and inner traits. Their response is that the social-cognitive perspective builds on psychology's well-established concepts of learning and cognition and reminds us of the power of situations.

59-3 Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
The self is the center of personality, organizing our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Considering possible selves helps motivate us toward positive development, but focusing too intensely on ourselves can lead to the spotlight effect.

High self-esteem (our feeling of self-worth) is beneficial, but unrealistically high self-esteem is dangerous (linked to aggressive behavior) and fragile.

Self-efficacy is our sense of competence.

59-4 What evidence reveals self-serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
Self-serving bias is our tendency to perceive ourselves favorably, as when viewing ourselves as better than average or when accepting credit for our successes but not blame for our failures.

Defensive self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining itself, and views failure or criticism as a threat.

Secure self-esteem enables us to feel accepted for who we are.

59-5 How do individualist and collectivist cultures influence people?
Within any culture, the degree of individualism or collectivism varies from person to person. Cultures based on self-reliant individualism, like those found in North America and Western Europe, tend to value personal independence and individual achievement. They define identity in terms of self-esteem, personal goals and attributes, and personal rights and liberties. Cultures based on socially connected collectivism, like those in many parts of Asia and Africa, tend to value interdependence, tradition, and harmony, and they define identity in terms of group goals, commitments, and belonging to one's group.

What is influenced by the interaction between our traits and the social context?

Which theory states that personality is the result of the interaction between the individual and their environment?

What is a trait personality theory quizlet?

What are the 4 personality theories quizlet?